When the two parties are unable to reach consensus on the collective bargaining agreement, this is called a  bargaining  impasse . Various kinds of strikes are used to show the displeasure of workers regarding a bargaining impasse. An economic  strike  is a strike stemming from unhappiness about the economic conditions during contract negotiations. For example, 45,000 Verizon workers rallied in the summer of 2011 when contract negotiations failed. ^[ch11b2-3]  The two unions, Communications Workers of America and the International Brotherhood of Electric Workers, claim that the new contract is unfair, as it asks Verizon workers to contribute more to health plans, and the company is also looking to freeze pensions at the end of the year and reduce sick time. ^[ch11b2-4]  Verizon says the telecommunications business is changing, and it cannot afford these expenses. An unfair labor practices strike can happen during negotiations. The goal of an  unfair  labor  practices  strike  is to get the organization to cease committing what the union believes to be an unfair labor practice. A bargaining impasse could mean the union goes on strike or a lockout occurs. The goal of a lockout , which prevents workers from working, is to put pressure on the union to accept the contract. A lockout can only be legally conducted when the existing collective bargaining agreement has expired and there is truly an impasse in contract negotiations. In summer 2011, the National Basketball Association locked out players when the collective bargaining agreement expired, jeopardizing the 2011–12 season ^[ch11b2-5]  while putting pressure on the players to accept the agreement. Similarly, the goal of a  strike  is to put pressure on the organization to accept the proposed contract. Some organizations will impose a lockout if workers engage in  slowdowns , an intentional reduction in productivity. Some unions will engage in a slowdown instead of a strike, because the workers still earn pay, while in a strike they do not. A  sick-out  is when members of a union call in sick, which may be illegal since they are using allotted time, while a  walk-out  is an unannounced refusal to perform work. However, this type of tactic may be illegal if the conduct is irresponsible or indefensible, according to a judge.  Jurisdictional  strikes  are used to put pressure on an employer to assign work to members of one union versus another (if there are two unions within the same organization) or to put pressure on management to recognize one union representation when it currently recognizes another. The goal of a sick-out strike is to show the organization how unproductive the company would be if the workers did go on strike. As mentioned under the Taft-Hartley Act, wildcat strikes are illegal, as they are not authorized by the union and usually violate a collective bargaining agreement.  Sympathy  strikes  are work stoppages by other unions designed to show support for the union on strike. While they are not illegal, they may violate the terms of the collective bargaining agreement.

Readings

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Prior: The Process of Collective Bargaining

Modified: 2015-02-11

Next: Working with Labor Unions as Management