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Introductory Chemistry | © David W. Ball ; contributors: Andreea Vasile, Oi Mi Lam, George Roungos Source: Flat World Knowledge |
Learning Objectives |
The Arrhenius definition of acid and base is limited to aqueous (that is, water) solutions. Although this is useful because water is a common solvent, it is limited to the relationship between the H+ ion and the OH- ion. What would be useful is a more general definition that would be more applicable to other chemical reactions and, importantly, independent of H2O.
In 1923, Danish chemist Johannes Brønsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry independently proposed new definitions for acids and bases, ones that focus on proton transfer. A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that can donate a proton (H+) to another molecule. A Brønsted-Lowry base is any species that can accept a proton from another molecule. In short, a Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor (PD), while a Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor (PA).
It is easy to see that the Brønsted-Lowry definition covers the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases. Consider the prototypical Arrhenius acid-base reaction:
H+(aq)(acid) + OH-(aq)(base) --> H2O(l)Ammonia (NH3) is a base even though it does not contain OH- ions in its formula. Instead, it generates OH - ions as the product of a proton-transfer reaction with H2O molecules; NH3 acts like a Brønsted-Lowry base, and H2O acts like a Brønsted-Lowry acid:
A reaction with water is called hydrolysis ; we say that NH3 hydrolyzes to make NH4+ ions and OH- ions.
Even the dissolving of an Arrhenius acid in water can be considered a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction. Consider the process of dissolving HCl(g) in water to make an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. The process can be written as follows:
HCl(g) + H2O(l) --> H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)HCl(g) is the proton donor and therefore a Brønsted-Lowry acid, while H2O is the proton acceptor and a Brønsted-Lowry base. These two examples show that H2 O can act as both a proton donor and a proton acceptor, depending on what other substance is in the chemical reaction. A substance that can act as a proton donor or a proton acceptor is called amphiprotic. Water is probably the most common amphiprotic substance we will encounter, but other substances are also amphiprotic.
In the reaction between NH3 and H2O,
the chemical reaction does not go to completion; rather, the reverse process occurs as well, and eventually the two processes cancel out any additional change. At this point, we say the chemical reaction is at equilibrium . Both processes still occur, but any net change by one process is countered by the same net change by the other process; it is a dynamic , rather than a static , equilibrium. Because both reactions are occurring, it makes sense to use a double arrow instead of a single arrow:
What do you notice about the reverse reaction? The NH4+ ion is donating a proton to the OH- ion, which is accepting it. This means that the NH4+ ion is acting as the proton donor, or Brønsted-Lowry acid, while OH- ion, the proton acceptor, is acting as a Brønsted-Lowry base. The reverse reaction is also a Brønsted-Lowry acid base reaction:
This means that both reactions are acid-base reactions by the Brønsted-Lowry definition. If you consider the species in this chemical reaction, two sets of similar species exist on both sides. Within each set, the two species differ by a proton in their formulas, and one member of the set is a Brønsted-Lowry acid, while the other member is a Brønsted-Lowry base. These sets are marked here:
The two sets - NH3/NH4+ and H2O/OH- - are called conjugate acid-base pairs . We say that NH4+ is the conjugate acid of NH3 , OH- is the conjugate base of H2O, and so forth. Every Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction can be labeled with two conjugate acid-base pairs.
Chemistry Is Everywhere: Household Acids and Bases
Many household products are acids or bases. For example, the owner of a swimming pool may use muriatic acid to clean the pool. Muriatic acid is another name for HCl(aq). In the section called “Neutralization Reactions” , vinegar was mentioned as a dilute solution of acetic acid [HC2H3O2(aq)]. In a medicine chest, one may find a bottle of vitamin C tablets; the chemical name of vitamin C is ascorbic acid (HC6H7O6).
One of the more familiar household bases is NH3 , which is found in numerous cleaning products. NH3 is a base because it increases the OH- ion concentration by reacting with H2O:
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) --> NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)Many soaps are also slightly basic because they contain compounds that act as Brønsted-Lowry bases, accepting protons from H2O and forming excess OH- ions. This is one explanation for why soap solutions are slippery.
Perhaps the most dangerous household chemical is the lye-based drain cleaner. Lye is a common name for NaOH, although it is also used as a synonym for KOH. Lye is an extremely caustic chemical that can react with grease, hair, food particles, and other substances that may build up and clog a water pipe. Unfortunately, lye can also attack body tissues and other substances in our bodies. Thus when we use lye-based drain cleaners, we must be very careful not to touch any of the solid drain cleaner or spill the water it was poured into. Safer, nonlye drain cleaners (like the one in the accompanying figure) use peroxide compounds to react on the materials in the clog and clear the drain.
Drain cleaners can be made from a reactive material that is less caustic than a base.
Key Takeaways |
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| Prior Arrhenius Acids and Bases | Modified: 2023 | Next Acid-Base Titrations |